signs and symptoms of leukemia What is leukemia, its causes, causes and treatment

What is leukemia, its causes, causes and treatment





Leukemia is a general term used for 4 different types of blood cancer. This is the beginning of a bone marrow cell common to 4 different types of leukemia. Cell replacement becomes a cell cycle and a kind of leukemia cell.
What is leukemia, its causes, causes and treatment


Many do not know the cause of leukemia. When the marrow cell enters a "leukemic" change, dividing it into many cells grows more, lives more and becomes more crowded than normal cells over time and creates disease. Some signs and symptoms of leucemin can be confused with statements of many common diseases. Specific blood tests and bone marrow tests are required to diagnose. Bleeding from physical activity, shortness of breath, mild fever or night sweats, slow healing of cuts and excessive bleeding, black and blue stains (bruises) which are unexplained, red spots at the size of the needle head under the skin, bones and joints , lips, or shoulders) are common signs of leukemia. Treatment and outcomes depend on the type and subtype of leucemin. Success rates are overshadowed by the fact that treatment rates vary between 10% and 90% compared to leuceminin types, even though healing rates reach around 75% with multiple treatment modalities. It is important to get medical help at health centers where doctors with experience in the treatment of leukemia patients are located. The aim of leukemia treatment is to provide a "complete remission". This means that there is no sign of disease after the treatment and the patient becomes healthy. Nowadays more and more leukemia patients are in complete remission for at least 5 years after treatment.

WHAT IS LEUKEMIA?

"Leukemia" Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) The general concept used for 4 different types of blood cancer called chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In every type of leukemia, it is necessary to know how the patient is affected and how to treat it. This is the beginning of a bone marrow cell common to 4 different types of leukemia. Cell replacement becomes a cell cycle and a kind of leukemia cell.

Bone marrow is the spongiform center where blood cells and lymphocytes are made in the bones. Blood cells start as "stem" cells. The different types of cells made in the bone marrow are red globes, platelets, lymphocytes and many other white cells. Once these cells have formed, they leave the bone marrow and become confused with the blood.

Bone marrow acts as two organs in a single organ. The first one is a blood-forming organ. This is where myelogenous leukemia begins. The latter is a part of the lymphocyte-forming organs and the immune system. This is where the lymphocytic leukemia begins.

If cancerous change occurs in the bone marrow cell that constitutes "lymphocytes", the leukemia is called "lymphocytic" or "lymphoblastic". Leukemia is called "myelogenous" or "myeloid" if there is a cell change in the bone marrow cell that normally forms red spheres, some types of white blood cells and platelets. Patients' illnesses and treatments differ in each type of leukemia.

"Acute lymphocytic leukemia" and "acute myelogenous leukemia" come from young cells known as "lymphoblasts" or "myeloblasts". These cells are sometimes called "blast". Untreated acute leukemia progresses rapidly. In "chronic" leukemia, there are very few or no blast cells. "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia" and "chronic myelogenous leukemia" usually progress more slowly than acute leukemia.

LEUKEMIAN SYMPOSIUM

Some signs and symptoms of leucemin are similar to other more common and less severe diseases. Specific blood tests and bone marrow tests are required to diagnose. Symptoms and signs vary according to the type of leukemia. Signs and symptoms of acute leukemia include:


Fatigue or fatigue

Shortness of breath during physical activity

Skin thickness

Mild fever or night sweats

Slow healing of cuts and excessive bleeding

Unexplained black and blue stains (bruises)

Red dot at the size of needle under the skin

Pain in bones and joints (eg, knees, hipers or shoulders)

Reduction in the number of monocytes and neutrophils, especially in white cells

People with CLL and KML may not show any symptoms. Some patients learn that they are CLL or CML after their blood tests they have done during regular checks. Sometimes a CLL person can go to the doctor by noticing the enlarged lymph nodes in his neck, under the armpit or in his arm. If CLL is more severe, the person may feel tired, have respiratory distress (anemia), or have frequent infections. In this case the blood test may show an increase in lymphocyte count.

Symptoms and signs of CML tend to slow down. People with KML may feel fatigued during their daily activities and may experience breathing difficulties; It can also be spleen growth (leading to a "pull" feeling on the upper left side of the belly), night sweats and weight loss. Individuals of each type of leukemia may have different signs and symptoms that refer to medical control. The best advice for people who have symptoms such as constant, low-grade fever, unexplained weight loss, fatigue or respiratory distress is a combination that provides health care.

WHAT HAPPENED TO LEUKEMIA, WHY ARE THE REASONS?

Doctors do not know the cause of many leukemia cases. When the marrow cell enters a "leucine" change, it knows that it will split into many cells. These leukemia cells grow more than normal cells, live more and become more crowded than normal cells over time.

Normal stem cells in the bone marrow produce three main cell types. Red spheres carry oxygen to all body tissues such as the heart, lungs and brain; the platelets bring about "plugs" that help stop bleeding after bleeding and injuries, and white spheres fight infections in the body.

There are two main types of white blood cells: germ-emitting cells (neutrophils and monocytes) and lymphocytes that immunize against infections. Leucemin is different in the rate of progression and in the type of leukemia in which cells take up the normal blood and bone marrow cells.

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) go to the origin of the original acute leukemia cell to create one trillion more leukemia cells. These cells are called "nonfunctional" because they do not function like normal cells. They also leave no room for normal cells in the bone marrow; leading to a decrease in the number of newly formed normal cells in the bone marrow. This results in a decrease in the number of red cells (anemia).

In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), the disease-causing leukemia cell makes blood cells (red cells, white cells and platelets) that function almost like normal cells. The number of red spheres is usually below normal and causes anemia. But many white spheres and sometimes many platelets continue to be made. Although the work of white spheres is close to normal, the numbers are high and continue to increase. If the patient is not treated, this can cause serious problems. If no treatment is given, the number of white cells may increase to slow the blood flow and severe anemia develops.

The very small number of red cells is called "anemia". It causes the person to feel pale, tiredness and feeling short of breath. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) also produces a large number of lymphocytes without disease-causing leukemia cell function. These cells locate normal cells in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. They interfere with the normal functioning of lymphocytes and therefore the patient's immunologic response is weak. A large number of leukemic cells in the bone marrow constrict normal blood cells and cause the number of red cells to decrease (anemia). In addition, a large number of leukemic cells in the bone marrow cause white blood cell (neutrophil) and platelet counts to drop.



Unlike the other 3 leukemia types, some CLL patients do not show progression for a long time. Some CLL patients maintain their healthy condition with minor changes and do not need long-term care. Many patients should be treated at the time of diagnosis or immediately after diagnosis.

AN ALTERNATIVE STATE OF THE UNITED NATIONS DIAGNOSIS OF HORTICULTURE PATIENT NUMBER:

AML about 12,000 KLL about 10,000

KML about 4,500 ALL about 4,000

In the United States, about 208,000 people live with leukemia.

LEUKEMIA DIAGNOSIS

CBC (whole blood count) is used in the diagnosis of leukemia. CBC is also used in the diagnosis and treatment of many other diseases. This blood test may show a high or low white cell level and the cells in the small leukemia. Sometimes the number of platelets and the number of red cells is low. Bone marrow tests (aspiration and biopsy) are usually performed to confirm the diagnosis and observe chromosome anomalies. These tests reveal the cell type of leukemia.

Chromosomes are the parts of each cell that carry genes. Genes instruct each cell what to do. A full blood test and a series of other tests are used to diagnose the type of leukemia. These tests can be repeated to measure how well the treatment has progressed since the start of treatment.

Each type of primary leukemia also has different "subtypes". In other words, patients with the same major leukemia type may have different forms of the disease. The age, general health status, and subtype of the patient may play a role in making the best treatment plan decision. Blood and bone marrow tests are used in the detection of AML, ALL, KML or KLL subtypes.

LEUKEMIA TREATMENT

Treatment and outcomes depend on the type and subtype of leucemin. It is important to get medical help at health centers where doctors with experience in the treatment of leukemia patients are located. The aim of leukemia treatment is to provide a "complete remission". This means that there is no sign of disease after the treatment and the patient becomes healthy. Nowadays more and more leukemia patients are in complete remission for at least 5 years after treatment.

Treatment for acute leukemia patients should be started immediately. Treatment usually begins with chemotherapy in the hospital. The first part of treatment is called "induction therapy". Even if the patient is in remission, he usually needs to stay in hospital for longer. This treatment is called "consolidation" or "post induction" treatment. This part of the treatment may involve chemotherapy with or without transplantation with stem cell transplantation (sometimes referred to as "bone marrow transplantation").

CML patients should start treatment as soon as they are diagnosed. Treatment usually begins with imatinib mesylate medications. These drugs are taken. imatinib mesylate-active drugs do not improve CML. However, as long as it is used in many patients, it keeps the CML under control. Other drugs, such as dasatinib active agents, are used instead of imatinib mesylate active agents in some patients.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is the only treatment that can improve CML. This treatment is the greatest success in young patients. This treatment can be considered in patients over 60 years with matched donors. Allogeneic transplantation is a high-risk process. There are studies investigating whether CML patients will achieve better long-term outcomes with drug treatment or transplantation.

Some CLL patients do not need long-term care after diagnosis. Patients in need of treatment receive chemotherapy and monoclonal antibody treatment alone or in combination. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a treatment option for some patients. Patients with remission of AML, ALL, CML and CLL should regularly see their physician for examination and blood tests. From time to time bone marrow testing may be required. If the illness-free process continues in the patient, the doctor may prolong the follow-up visit.

Patients and caregivers should talk to healthcare providers about the long-term and late effects of cancer treatment. Cancer-related fatigue is one of the most common long-term effects. Clinical trials are being undertaken with new cancer therapies to help an increasing number of patients reach the remission or globe. Clinical cancer studies are studies that try new and better ways to achieve the following goals


To diagnose and treat leukemia and other cancers

Prevent and relieve side effects of treatment

Try to prevent the return of the disease

To improve quality of life and welfare

LEVELS HIGHER LEUKEMIA RISK?

People leukemia can be caught at any age. It is common in people over 60 years old. The most common types in adults are AML and CLL. Leukemia develops in about 3,500 children every year. ALL is the most common form of leukemia in children.

The term "risk factor" is used to describe what may increase the likelihood of developing leukemia in a person. In many types of leukemia, the risk factors and possible causes are unknown. Specific risk factors for AML are found. However, many AML patients do not have these risk factors. Many individuals with these risk factors are not leukemia, and many individuals with leukemia do not have these risk factors.

SOME RISK FACTORS FOR AML:

Some chemotherapies used in lymphoma and other types of cancer

Down syndrome and some other genetic diseases

Chronic exposure to benzene exceeding legally approved safety limits (as at workplaces)

Radiation therapy used in the treatment of other types of cancer

Tobacco products to use.

Exposure to high dose radiation therapy is a risk factor for ALL and CML. Four types of leukemia are studied continuously on other possible risk factors. Leukemia is not contagious.

LÖSEMİNİN EFFECTS

The word "leukemia" can give the individual the feeling that his or her life has completely changed. It may be useful to know that many leukemia patients survive after the disease, and have had good years and good years. Many people with leukemia can cope with this situation, which seems very difficult to accept at first. This usually takes time. Knowing the disease and its treatment can make it easier to cope. Patients may want to concentrate primarily on learning leukemia type and treatment. Later on, the patient may seek remission and recovery.

Patients should ask their health care team for help and guidance not only for medical concerns but also for emotional issues related to illness and treatment. This request includes the specific needs of a leukemia friend or family member or child. The choice of treatment creates stress for finding time and money for medical care.

MEDICAL RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING LEUKEMIA

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation: Treatment using donor stem cells to reconstitute the patient's bone marrow and stem cells. "Treatment of conditioning" (high-dose chemotherapy or whole-body radiation with high-dose chemotherapy) is first given to treat the lymphoma and "close" the patient's immune system so that the donor's stem cells are not rejected. The type of transplant called "nonmyeloablative" transplant (or "mini" transplant) is currently being studied. This treatment uses conditioning at lower doses and this treatment may be more reliable, especially in elderly patients.

Antibiotics: Medicines used to treat infections. Penicillin is a kind of antibiotic.

Antibodies: Proteins that help fight infection in the body.

Spleen: The organ located near the left side of the body. It contains lymphocytes and cleanses the blood of the destroyed cells.

Donor immun cells: donated stem cells from the patient's stem cell transplant. These cells help the patient build new blood cells and new immune cells.

FISH test: "Fluorescence in situ hybridization" (FISH) is a test used to control chromosome anomalies.

Drug resistance: occurs when the drug does not function or stops functioning.


Hematologist: A doctor who treats blood cell disorders.

Hemoglobin: The substance that carries oxygen in red spheres.

Immune system: Cells and proteins that defend the body against infection. Lymphocytes, lymph nodes and parts of the spleen immun system.

Immunity: The ability to resist infection.

Immunoglobulins: Proteins that fight infection.

Immunophenotyping: A laboratory test to determine if the lymphocytic leukemia in the patient is B-cell or T-cell.

Immunotherapy: The term used for treatments that support the body's immune system, such as monoclonal antibody therapy. Other immunotherapies studied in the treatment of leukemia, such as vaccines, do not prevent leukemia, but the immune system contributes to the attack against leukemia cells.

Induction therapy: The first part of chemotherapy treatment in acute leukemia.

Bone marrow aspiration: A test that shows the cell type and certain anomalies by examining the proteins on the cell surface. It is made by taking a liquid and a cell sample (aspirate) with a special needle from the bone marrow. The specimen is usually taken from the patient's hip bone. Bone marrow aspiration is usually performed with bone marrow biopsy. Tests can be done at the doctor's office or at the hospital.

Bone marrow biopsy: A test that shows the chromosome and gene anomalies and how much disease is in the bone marrow. It is done by removing a small amount of bone fragments filled with bone marrow cells. The specimen is usually taken from the patient's hip bone.

Chemotherapy: treatment with drugs that kill or destroy leukemia cells.

Chromosomes: Parts of each cell carrying genes. Genes instruct the cells what to do.

Clinical trials: New drugs, studies where volunteers are used for treatments or for new uses of approved medicines or treatments.

Consolidation therapy (post-induction therapy): additional treatment given to the patient even if it is remission after acute leukemia.

Lymph nodes: small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the whole body and part of the immune system.

Lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell. They help fight the infection.

Lomber puncture (Spinal tap): A medical procedure in which a small amount of fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord is taken and examined. Also called spinal tap.

Lökaferez: The process by which extra white spheres are taken through the machine.

Monoclonal antibody: A drug that targets cancer cells.

Autologous stem cell infusion: Remedy patient blood or bone marrow stem cells are removed. Cells are stored and reinfused after completion of conditioning with chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy.

Pathologist: A doctor who identifies diseases by examining the tissues under a microscope. Radiation therapy: treatment with X-rays or other high-energy rays.

Refractory disease: A disease that does not respond to treatment.

Relapse or recurrence: Re-emergence of the disease after successful treatment.

Remission: No symptom of the disease and / or absence of any health problems for a long time in the patient.

Central pathway: A special piping system that is placed in a large vein at the top of the chest to receive chemotherapy drugs and blood cells and blood samples. Also called "permanent catheter".

Cytogenetic analysis: Examination of the chromosomes of leukemia cells to inform doctors about how to treat the patient. Cell samples can be taken from blood or bone marrow.


Cytokines: natural substances that can be produced by cells at the same time in the laboratory. & Quot; Growth factor cytokines & quot; are used to regenerate normal blood cells during treatment. & Quot; Immune cell cytokines & quot; may be used to treat leukemia in the future